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Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)

Received: 30 June 2021     Accepted: 3 August 2021     Published: 16 October 2021
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Abstract

Water of good microbiological quality distributed through pipelines fully guarantees the health of the populations who drink it. Its availability would prevent the inadequate use of groundwater that is sometimes poorly treated and of questionable quality. This work proposes to conduct an investigation on the microbiological quality of tap and groundwater consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville in order to assess their hygienic state and the risks incurred by the populations. Thus, twenty-four (24) water samples taken in four districts underwent microbiological analyses. In tap water, the concentrations of total mesophilic aerobic flora (FMAT) vary from 132 to 48000 CFU / mL and 40% of the samples taken are contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Total coliforms bacteria (CT) are more abundant than faecal coliforms (CF), faecal streptococus (SF) and E. coli. Their concentration respectively varies of 2 to 236, 0 to 37, 0 to 6 and of 0 to 10 CFU/100 mL with a respective non-compliance rate of 100, 70, 50 and 30% relative to the WHO standard which is set at 0 CFU/100 mL. However, in groundwater, the FMAT content varies of 85 to 75000 CFU/mL and 78.57% of samples analyzed show contamination with Staphylococcus aureus with concentrations ranging between 1 and 135 CFU/100mL. In addition, 100, 85.71, 42.86 and 21.43% of the groundwater samples were contaminated by CT, CF, SF and E. coli respectively. Test results indicate that all tap and groundwater samples show high levels of contamination with faecal bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli), total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic flora total and are unfit for human consumption. The water consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville constitutes obvious health risks. It seems necessary to make the population aware of the danger incurred and urgent measures, both individual and by the public authorities, must be taken to remedy this situation.

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 9, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
Page(s) 152-161
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vulnerability, Drinking Water, Microbiological Pollution, Brazzaville

References
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Cite This Article
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    Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo, Nicolas Ayessou, Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou, Martin Tchoumou, Codou Gueye Mar Diop, et al. (2021). Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 9(5), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

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    ACS Style

    Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo; Nicolas Ayessou; Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou; Martin Tchoumou; Codou Gueye Mar Diop, et al. Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2021, 9(5), 152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

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    AMA Style

    Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo, Nicolas Ayessou, Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou, Martin Tchoumou, Codou Gueye Mar Diop, et al. Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2021;9(5):152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16,
      author = {Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo and Nicolas Ayessou and Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou and Martin Tchoumou and Codou Gueye Mar Diop and Jean-Maurille Ouamba},
      title = {Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)},
      journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
      volume = {9},
      number = {5},
      pages = {152-161},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20210905.16},
      abstract = {Water of good microbiological quality distributed through pipelines fully guarantees the health of the populations who drink it. Its availability would prevent the inadequate use of groundwater that is sometimes poorly treated and of questionable quality. This work proposes to conduct an investigation on the microbiological quality of tap and groundwater consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville in order to assess their hygienic state and the risks incurred by the populations. Thus, twenty-four (24) water samples taken in four districts underwent microbiological analyses. In tap water, the concentrations of total mesophilic aerobic flora (FMAT) vary from 132 to 48000 CFU / mL and 40% of the samples taken are contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Total coliforms bacteria (CT) are more abundant than faecal coliforms (CF), faecal streptococus (SF) and E. coli. Their concentration respectively varies of 2 to 236, 0 to 37, 0 to 6 and of 0 to 10 CFU/100 mL with a respective non-compliance rate of 100, 70, 50 and 30% relative to the WHO standard which is set at 0 CFU/100 mL. However, in groundwater, the FMAT content varies of 85 to 75000 CFU/mL and 78.57% of samples analyzed show contamination with Staphylococcus aureus with concentrations ranging between 1 and 135 CFU/100mL. In addition, 100, 85.71, 42.86 and 21.43% of the groundwater samples were contaminated by CT, CF, SF and E. coli respectively. Test results indicate that all tap and groundwater samples show high levels of contamination with faecal bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli), total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic flora total and are unfit for human consumption. The water consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville constitutes obvious health risks. It seems necessary to make the population aware of the danger incurred and urgent measures, both individual and by the public authorities, must be taken to remedy this situation.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)
    AU  - Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo
    AU  - Nicolas Ayessou
    AU  - Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou
    AU  - Martin Tchoumou
    AU  - Codou Gueye Mar Diop
    AU  - Jean-Maurille Ouamba
    Y1  - 2021/10/16
    PY  - 2021
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
    T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    SP  - 152
    EP  - 161
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7667
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
    AB  - Water of good microbiological quality distributed through pipelines fully guarantees the health of the populations who drink it. Its availability would prevent the inadequate use of groundwater that is sometimes poorly treated and of questionable quality. This work proposes to conduct an investigation on the microbiological quality of tap and groundwater consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville in order to assess their hygienic state and the risks incurred by the populations. Thus, twenty-four (24) water samples taken in four districts underwent microbiological analyses. In tap water, the concentrations of total mesophilic aerobic flora (FMAT) vary from 132 to 48000 CFU / mL and 40% of the samples taken are contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Total coliforms bacteria (CT) are more abundant than faecal coliforms (CF), faecal streptococus (SF) and E. coli. Their concentration respectively varies of 2 to 236, 0 to 37, 0 to 6 and of 0 to 10 CFU/100 mL with a respective non-compliance rate of 100, 70, 50 and 30% relative to the WHO standard which is set at 0 CFU/100 mL. However, in groundwater, the FMAT content varies of 85 to 75000 CFU/mL and 78.57% of samples analyzed show contamination with Staphylococcus aureus with concentrations ranging between 1 and 135 CFU/100mL. In addition, 100, 85.71, 42.86 and 21.43% of the groundwater samples were contaminated by CT, CF, SF and E. coli respectively. Test results indicate that all tap and groundwater samples show high levels of contamination with faecal bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli), total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic flora total and are unfit for human consumption. The water consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville constitutes obvious health risks. It seems necessary to make the population aware of the danger incurred and urgent measures, both individual and by the public authorities, must be taken to remedy this situation.
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Plant and Life Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo

  • Analysis and Testing Laboratory, Higher Polytechnic School, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal

  • Plant and Life Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo

  • Plant and Life Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo

  • Analysis and Testing Laboratory, Higher Polytechnic School, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal

  • Plant and Life Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo

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