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Impacts of Untreated Sewage Discharge on Water Quality of Middle Manyame River: A Case of Chinhoyi Town, Zimbabwe

Received: 27 March 2015     Accepted: 15 April 2015     Published: 27 April 2015
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Abstract

Disposal of untreated sewage into surface waters is common in most developing countries. Any physico-chemical, or biological condition that prevents the designated uses of a water body represents poor water quality. This study was carried out on Middle Manyame River, a major source of potable water in Chinhoyi town. The study sought to ascertain the impacts of discharging untreated sewage on the water quality of Middle Manyame River. The following parameters were determined using APHA standard methods; nitrates, phosphates, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Sampling was done in November 2013, March 2014, and May 2014. All the parameters, except for pH and temperature, exceeded acceptable water quality standards for the sites downstream of the sewage discharge points. This indicated that the improper sewage discharge was the major contributor to poor water quality, among other activities such as agricultural runoff. It was concluded from the study that sewage effluent from the Municipality of Chinhoyi sewage works was mainly responsible for pollution along Middle Manyame River. This pollution has also put the river at risk of eutrophication. It was recommended that there should be rehabilitation and upgrading of sewage systems in Chinhoyi.

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 3, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14
Page(s) 133-138
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Middle Manyame River, Chinhoyi, Sewage, Water Quality, Eutrophication

References
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[2] Akpor O. B. and Muchie, M. (2011) Environmental and public health implications of wastewater quality. Afr J. Biotechnology 10(13): 2379-2387.
[3] Shirajavu H.P (2011), Impact Assessment of Sewage Discharge on Underground Water Qualities around Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant (Mysore City, India). Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. 1(2):28-35.
[4] Chimanga J.R, (2010) Impact of industrial effluent from an iron and steel company on the physicochemical quality of Kwekwe River water in Zimbabwe .International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (2): 129-140.
[5] Nhapi I and Tirivarombo S (2004). Sewage discharges and nutrient levels in Marimba River, Zimbabwe. WaterSA, 30 (1):107-113.
[6] Mudozori G and Kusangaya S (2011). Analysis of the challenges posed by water pollution in providing standard water quality: The case of Chinhoyi urban, Zimbabwe(Unpublished). (http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/downloads/uploads/symposium2005/theme2/Kusangaya%201.pdf)
[7] Welch E.B and Lindell T (1980). Ecological effects of waste water. Cambridge University Press, London, United Kingdom.
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[9] Mbewele L (2006). Microbial phosphorus removal in wastewater stabilization pond. A Licentiate Thesis from the School Biotechnology: A Royal Institute of Technology.
[10] Amir H.M, Ali R.M, Farham K (2004). Nitrogen removal from wastewater in a continuous flow sequencing batch reactor. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 7(11): 1880-1883.
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[12] Wuta M, Muisa N, Misi S. and Nyamangara J (2007). The impacts of Sewage Effluent on the Physico-chemical quality of Chinyika River (Unpublished Bsc Thesis) Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe.
[13] Bere T, (2005) The impact of Sewage Effluent and Natural Self-Purification in the Upper Chinyika river below Hatcliffe Sewage Works, MSc thesis (Unpublished), University of Zimbabwe.
[14] Compendium of Statistics 2012, Zimbabwe.
[15] Tendaupenyu P, 2012, Nutrient Limitation of Phytoplankton in Five Impoundments on Manyame River, Zimbabwe, MSc Thesis (Unpublished) University of Zimbabwe.
[16] American Public Health Association (APHA). 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition. APHA, Washington, D.C.
[17] Zimbabwe National Water Authority (cited as ZINWA). (2000). Operational Guidelines for the Control of Water Pollution in Zimbabwe, 2000. Harare, Zimbabwe: Government Publishers.
[18] Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 1995. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 3rd ed. Tata McGrawHill Co. Ltd., New York, USA.
[19] Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), 1996. South African Water Quality Guidelines, Aquatic Ecosystems, vol. 7. Holmes, S. (Ed.), CSIR. Environmental Services, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa.
[20] Adeyemo O.K, Adedokun O.A, Yusuf R.K and Adeleye E.A ; 2008; Seasonal Changes in Physico-Chemical Parameter and nutrient load of River Sediments in Ibadan city Nigeria; Global NEST Journal.
[21] Masere, T.P., Munodawafa, A. and Chitata, T. (2012), “Assessment of human impact on water quality along Manyame River”, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 754-765.
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  • APA Style

    Muisa Norah, Zingundu Shumirai, Mangori Lynda Zelma, Mupfiga Upenyu. (2015). Impacts of Untreated Sewage Discharge on Water Quality of Middle Manyame River: A Case of Chinhoyi Town, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 3(3), 133-138. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14

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    ACS Style

    Muisa Norah; Zingundu Shumirai; Mangori Lynda Zelma; Mupfiga Upenyu. Impacts of Untreated Sewage Discharge on Water Quality of Middle Manyame River: A Case of Chinhoyi Town, Zimbabwe. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2015, 3(3), 133-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14

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    AMA Style

    Muisa Norah, Zingundu Shumirai, Mangori Lynda Zelma, Mupfiga Upenyu. Impacts of Untreated Sewage Discharge on Water Quality of Middle Manyame River: A Case of Chinhoyi Town, Zimbabwe. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2015;3(3):133-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14,
      author = {Muisa Norah and Zingundu Shumirai and Mangori Lynda Zelma and Mupfiga Upenyu},
      title = {Impacts of Untreated Sewage Discharge on Water Quality of Middle Manyame River: A Case of Chinhoyi Town, Zimbabwe},
      journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
      volume = {3},
      number = {3},
      pages = {133-138},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20150303.14},
      abstract = {Disposal of untreated sewage into surface waters is common in most developing countries. Any physico-chemical, or biological condition that prevents the designated uses of a water body represents poor water quality. This study was carried out on Middle Manyame River, a major source of potable water in Chinhoyi town. The study sought to ascertain the impacts of discharging untreated sewage on the water quality of Middle Manyame River. The following parameters were determined using APHA standard methods; nitrates, phosphates, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Sampling was done in November 2013, March 2014, and May 2014. All the parameters, except for pH and temperature, exceeded acceptable water quality standards for the sites downstream of the sewage discharge points. This indicated that the improper sewage discharge was the major contributor to poor water quality, among other activities such as agricultural runoff. It was concluded from the study that sewage effluent from the Municipality of Chinhoyi sewage works was mainly responsible for pollution along Middle Manyame River. This pollution has also put the river at risk of eutrophication. It was recommended that there should be rehabilitation and upgrading of sewage systems in Chinhoyi.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Impacts of Untreated Sewage Discharge on Water Quality of Middle Manyame River: A Case of Chinhoyi Town, Zimbabwe
    AU  - Muisa Norah
    AU  - Zingundu Shumirai
    AU  - Mangori Lynda Zelma
    AU  - Mupfiga Upenyu
    Y1  - 2015/04/27
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14
    T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    SP  - 133
    EP  - 138
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7667
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150303.14
    AB  - Disposal of untreated sewage into surface waters is common in most developing countries. Any physico-chemical, or biological condition that prevents the designated uses of a water body represents poor water quality. This study was carried out on Middle Manyame River, a major source of potable water in Chinhoyi town. The study sought to ascertain the impacts of discharging untreated sewage on the water quality of Middle Manyame River. The following parameters were determined using APHA standard methods; nitrates, phosphates, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Sampling was done in November 2013, March 2014, and May 2014. All the parameters, except for pH and temperature, exceeded acceptable water quality standards for the sites downstream of the sewage discharge points. This indicated that the improper sewage discharge was the major contributor to poor water quality, among other activities such as agricultural runoff. It was concluded from the study that sewage effluent from the Municipality of Chinhoyi sewage works was mainly responsible for pollution along Middle Manyame River. This pollution has also put the river at risk of eutrophication. It was recommended that there should be rehabilitation and upgrading of sewage systems in Chinhoyi.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Chinhoyi University of Technology, Environmental Science and Technology Department, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe

  • Chinhoyi University of Technology, Environmental Science and Technology Department, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe

  • Chinhoyi University of Technology, Environmental Science and Technology Department, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe

  • Chinhoyi University of Technology, Environmental Science and Technology Department, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe

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